In the late 1800s King Leopold II of Belgium ruled the Congo as his own personal property. In 1884 he said:
It may be safely asserted that no barbarous people have ever so readily adopted the fostering care of benevolent enterprise, as have the tribes of the Congo, and never was there a more honest and practical effort made to increase their knowledge and secure their welfare.
George Washington Williams, a black American historian, went to see the Congo for himself in 1890, the same year as Joseph Conrad. After travelling more than 2,000 km up river, he wrote an open letter to the king. Here is some of what he reported:
- Schools: none – thus the “honest and practical effort made to increase their knowledge”.
- Hospitals: one, built by the Dutch. Most surgeons lacked supplies. This put even whites in danger. (Williams himself would die of disease on his way back to America. He was only 41.)
- Prisons and chain gangs: where you could wind up for even the slightest offences.
- Trade: only allowed with the state and at its prices.
- Power: given up by African chiefs after they were tricked into believing that whites had amazing strength, could withstand gunshots unharmed, could control the sun and would bring peace to all the land.
- The army: too small to keep the peace and uphold law and order. There were only 2,300 soldiers in a country of over 2,300,000 square kilometres. Much of the country was out of control.
- Terror: how the army ruled. It burned down houses and shot down people at will, taking their land and making those who lived into slaves. An example: One time a steamer pulled up to a river town. When the people came out to greet the boat as expected the soldiers on board levelled their guns and opened fire, shooting down men, women and children. They took those who lived as prisoners to work on a plantation. The officers fought over who would get the best looking women.
- Food for the army: not provided by the king. Instead it had to be demanded at gunpoint from those who lived near the posts. Those who refused to give food to the army had their houses burned down.
- The value of life: One time two officers saw a man coming down the river in a boat minding his own business. They made a five pound wager about who could shoot him dead first. After three shots he fell dead, shot in the head.
- Sex slaves: brought in from Portuguese Africa by the state and hired out to the highest bidder. The half-white children of such women became property of the state.
- The slave trade: instead of wiping it out, the state and the army took part in it at all levels. Even knowing full well that hundreds of slaves would be eaten. The army used slaves as soldiers and as mistresses for the white officers.
- Cannibals: used as shock troops. They delivered heads to the white officers and ate the children.
See also:
Not that the French and the British did a good job but they are a model of post-colonial responsibility compared to Belgium and Portugal. The Italians didn’t leave Somalia in that good a shape either.
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*shudder*
Thanks for this, Abagond.
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Who ate the slaves? The Belgians or starving Congolese or who, exactly?
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The imperialist mindset during those times was something else…
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You didn’t mention the hacking off of limbs of African slaves who resisted. The practice became so widespread that there was actually an international outcry at the time.
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Like Kurtz says in Joseph Condrads great novel: Horror. Horror.
When I read about this way back, I could not believe it. The Belgian Kongo was gigatic mess geared up to make money for Leopold. Third of the native population died just like that, or was it even more, I can’t remember.
And really, I’ve seen a picture were jolly looking belgian officers are standing smiling besides a huge pile of chopped off limbs, one poor guy kneeling down with his hand on the chopping block and a big black guy with a machete standing ready to chop this guy too. It was on some documentary about this subject.
Eventually they noiticed in Belgium that the killings, mass murders, choppings and such are hindering the economy of the whole Kongo. Tune it down, boys! More money, less murders! Just to think what kind of madness there must have been so that it did have an effect on the profit too. I mean, these belgians were just stealing everything, they used locals as slaves, and still the violence was so great that it had an effect on the profit??? Zeesus krist!
One friend of mine, who by no means is a politically active or anti-racist or anything, read a book about King Lepolod’s Kongo and was very angry after that. Very, very angry. And for good reason too.
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It seems that Williams did not know about the hand cutting off thing.
It was not the worst thing Leopold did, but pictures of it stuck in people’s minds. And, as racist as Europe was, it was clearly beyond the pale of acceptable behaviour.
Columbus, by the way, cut off hands too, as a way to increase cotton and gold production in the Caribbean. But that was in the days before news photography.
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Thank you Abagond for this post about Congo.
My wife and I are congolese and we so often discuss about this kind of topics because its so deeply in our race and country memory that we can’t just live without it.
After Leopold II our country was the property of Belgium and after the independance in 1960 the belgian made everything in order to bring the country at its lowest by putting one of the crookiest system in the world.
Now, after so many years, we are still that low and sometime its depressing to see your own country in a state of constant chaos, I have never known anything else, never seen my country in a better shape.
I am now living in Belgium… *rolling eyes* and I better understand why my country is at its lowest.
The belgian are not able to manage their own country in a better way, we couldn’t have had a worst example.
They chopped the limbs of our people, killed several millions, unslaved other millions, made us poor in our country and in belgium, they built their more beautiful streets and buildings with the money they made in congo by stealing our soil. They even renamed one of this street as “avenue du congo” or something and its a shame because most of them act like they did good to us.
Since i’m a teenager, my friends and I were thinking that we would have been much better if the white man never came to our country.
I don’t need a laptop, a blackberry, an appartment and a car to be good and feel wealthy. When you don’t know things you don’t need them.
We just had our own minds, intelligence and hands and we could have lived happy minding our own business (our own tribals conflits ;)) without having to suffer all those things in the name of Jesus Christ and the almighty Capitalism god.
Thanks for the post, keep up the good work.
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essbro said:
“Who ate the slaves? The Belgians or starving Congolese or who, exactly?”
Cannibals.
Leopold did little to stop cannibalism. You could argue he did not have the manpower to do that, but that does not excuse his use of cannibals as shock troops in his army to spread terror. The cannibals would deliver the heads to the white officers and then eat the children.
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For those who want to dismiss Leopold as some kind of mad king and believe that everything was set right when he lost power over the Congo in 1908, should consider that in some ways very little has changed:
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And how have the Belgian troops behaved when sent on “peace keeping” to the Congo during the mid twentieth century?
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@joe: right, and how did they behave in Rwanda??
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Awful. With regards to the “just get over it” meme, how is that possible, when history like this is pervasive with such unspeakable cruelty? Not to mention current ongoing atrocities, whether economic enslavement or health or environmental hazards created and inflicted by western powers.
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King Leopold’ Ghost!!!
What this man did in the Congo defies comprehension!!!
And this was Belgium’s contribution to the brutal exploitation of this country and its people. Of course most of this history (and it is not the only example there are numerous others all over Africa: Namibia) has been conveniently forgotten.
Most people are aware of the days of Slavery but how many know anything about European colonialism?
As at least one person (Sam) has mentioned the revolution of the horrors that went on in this one country – the Congo – which is enough to make you feel repulsed and sick as a human being.
Here is the link to a BBC documentary. “The Congo – A brutal History” This clip is only 10 minutes but even this short extract covers the main points of what this post is about.
As Abagond has also illustrated with that cartoon image. The abuse and exploitation of this country and its people still continues today.
Perhaps its time now for these people to put the past behind them and start building their country. Right? After all it was nearly a 100 years ago. Right?
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Has anyone heard about how most of the world’s richest men, including Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, have all signed a proclamation to give most of their money to charity? Billions are being transfered to the third world as we speak.
With declining European birthrates and PC multi-culturalism, et al, you all are basically getting everything you want. But you couldn’t do it without compliant whites helping it along. There must be a huge amount of white guilt in order for whites to allow this to happen.
So in a sense, the tables are turned–aren’t they? It’s just not happening fast enough for you.
One big difference though: at least the Native Americans and even the Africans who suffered at the hands of Europeans put up a damn good fight before they were overrun.
Just a few musings. Does anyone agree?
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That man was pure evil. Disgusting. I think about 10 million Congolese perished during his rule. Fuck Europe.
http://fyeahafrica.tumblr.com
It is filled with articles and images pertaining to African nations as they are now and how they were before the colonial era. I know it’s not exactly related to this in particular, but there are some photographs of DRC as well as precolonial information (I think those articles link to a black history tumblr).
I post this because people need to realize how beautiful Africa is and was before the scourge of colonialism destroyed much of the regional infrastructure and culture. So whenever people try to give you that “Africa’s always been a shithole”, “You should be grateful for colonialism”, “colonized nations were better off under white rule than they’ve ever been/ever will be” type arguments, you can prove them deadf*cking wrong.
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and white guilt will never be enough, they can never live that down. Ever.
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@aiych: I understand your pain, but just to remind you, european elites were just as good opressing their own as they were opressing and murdering africans or any other people they got their hands on.
Finland was opressed by the swedes for 600 years and by Russia for 100 years plus. Yet we came trough, even though we were not allowed to use our own language at schools, offices etc. Even when our own religion was destroyed etc. But we survived and came trough.
I have no guilt nor I have any problem to know what happened in Africa as well as in Asia and elsewhere. It is a question of what happened and why, what was done by whom and why. Facts are there for anyone to see. Those europeans who still refuse to see the past, even the recent past and even todays opression (neo colonialism by proxy, capitalistic colonialism by big business etc.), are the ones to blame. They have excuses.
And on that note: what about the tuareg and their fights for their freedom and land, riches and rights? Exploited by the national elites and big companies, despised by many, they still kick ass!
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sorry abagond, I know that this is off topic but I think this shows that all africans are not just laying down and be victims. Some do fight for their rights. Tuaregs still do!
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Europeans were naive and ignorant enough about a culture that they thought they could subjagate and colonialize people that were not meant to have Western ways and ideas forced upon them. All in the name of Christianity.
However, it worked a little better in Asia, although I don’t think Asians were really colonialized that much by Europeans. They, especially the Japanese, sure did adopt Western ways though.
Yeah, they (Africans) would have been better off had Europeans not interfered. And yes, alot more would have lived to pass their customs, traditions, and history on.
No question about it.
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Actually, India is an Asian nation that was heavily colonialized by the British but they managed to retain their pre-colonial history. Likely because of more written material than Africa.
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This picture is always in my head when people bring up Leopold’s Congo.
“It may be safely asserted that no barbarous people have ever so readily adopted the fostering care of benevolent enterprise, as have the tribes of the Congo, and never was there a more honest and practical effort made to increase their knowledge and secure their welfare.”
It’s sad, but some people STILL think like this. They say Africa was better under European rule. Another racist myth used to avoid feeling any sense of guilt. Which I really don’t get. If YOU didn’t participate in this past exploitation, why would you feel either responsible? Why do you feel the need to defend it? I can’t stand when people have issues accepting historical facts.
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Oh and this pretty much sums up the post-colonial Democratic Republic of Congo.
Secrets of The CIA – Congo
Colonialism simply has a prettier face today. Instead of having troops stationed to keep order multi-national corporations use international banking institutions(IMF/World Bank) and local elites to economically exploit 3rd world nations.
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Its probably always a good idea to remain cynical about any intentions the US has towards Africa and other continents. That last video clip posted by “The Cynic” sums up America’s real foreign policy that has been in place for the last century.
Its a strange FACT most Americans do not seem to know the real workings of their government in the affairs of third world countries. Because this is not exactly hidden or or undocumented now. To insist that America is a model of universal democracy with its covert style underhand involvement in countries (to name but one) like the Congo is to suffer from extreme chronic delusionalism.
And don’t think its the US alone. As this post on the Congo unequivocally shows it learned much of this from Europe as well.
Incidentally, Patrice Lumumba deserves a separate post of his own. The best democratically elected leader the congolesse people never really had – thanks to the CIA and Belgian.
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i remember reading briefly about leopold and his slave state when i did my term paper on rape in the drc…he was crazy to say the least…
7.Terror: how the army ruled. It burned down houses and shot down people at will, taking their land and making those who lived into slaves. An example: One time a steamer pulled up to a river town. When the people came out to greet the boat as expected the soldiers on board levelled their guns and opened fire, shooting down men, women and children. They took those who lived as prisoners to work on a plantation. The officers fought over who would get the best looking women.
sick, twisted, horrible…and we never are taught any of these things in school…never
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10.Sex slaves: brought in from Portuguese Africa by the state and hired out to the highest bidder. The half-white children of such women became property of the state.
you know another example of inhumane behavior…making your own children your slaves that goes above and beyond normal human behavior…that’s not even normal right there. the arab slave owners didn’t do that, it was against islamic law to have your children be your slaves. i’ve only heard of european slave owners making their own children their slaves, that’s the only time i’ve read about that in history…does anyone else have any example of when slave owners have made their own children their slaves? i would like to know if you find some.
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“Well, I pick up my axe and fight like a farmer
But your bullets still knock me down to the ground”
These stories can’t be told enough. Most people aren’t aware.
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@essbro…
“…Has anyone heard about how most of the world’s richest men, including Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, have all signed a proclamation to give most of their money to charity? Billions are being transfered to the third world as we speak.
With declining European birthrates and PC multi-culturalism, et al, you all are basically getting everything you want. But you couldn’t do it without compliant whites helping it along. There must be a huge amount of white guilt in order for whites to allow this to happen…”
Unfortunately this is a delusion and is not the reality. For example much of the work of Bill and Melinda Gates charitable foundation is geared towards providing “medicines” and “vaccines” in an attempt to halt the population growth of third world countries.
Why? Surely basic clean water, food and alleviation of debt and poverty should be the priority?
Check out what this youtube poster found out…
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Kwamla,
This lady’s arguments are rather specious and weak. Reducing 3rd world population growth should be a top philanthropic priority, but few have the moral courage to address it. Bill and Melinda Gates appear to be approaching the issue tangentially, which is better than nothing.
Many traditional aid models basically supply food to already unsustainably high populations of people, creating even worse unsustainable conditions.
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Don’t forget the infamous Tintin episode:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_in_the_Congo
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What kind of racist logic is it to believe: “…Reducing 3rd world population growth should be a top philanthropic priority?
In whose interests does this really serve Randy?
How about: Reducing populations of Western ideological white supremacist thinkers, where every they congregate, should be a top priority for the re-establishment of a genuine, humane and just civilizational on this planet.
I prefer my suggestion Randy then perhaps some of those aid models unhindered from the “traditions” of de-populationist racist ideological constraints might actual have a chance of succeeding.
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Kwamla asked: “What kind of racist logic is it to believe: “…Reducing 3rd world population growth should be a top philanthropic priority?
In whose interests does this really serve Randy?”
I’ve seen 3rd world poverty exacerbated by overpopulation first-hand. Societies simply cannot grow civic institutions (schools, hospitals, housing stock, agriculture, industry) fast enough to support unrestrained population growth, especially in nations lacking in capital and/or natural resources.
The net result is widespread malnutrition, food insecurity, insufficient health care, and poor educational and job prospects, often leading to economic and political instability.
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Randy,
Given that this post is about King Leopold II’s genocidal atrocities in the Congo; the role of Europe and the USA in condoning a countries population be decimated from 20-10 million in the space of 40 years. Your absence of view or comment on this speaks volumes about your assumed mindset.
Do you even care about what happened and continues to happen in the Congo? Or are you only concerned with ways of bringing about more efficient global de-population?
I am left wondering…
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People!!! Seriously!? Haven’t you guys ever taken a political science class? Didn’t you learn that around 500 years ago Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which summed up every country’s policy: the end justifies the means. Every country acts in its own self-interest.
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Surprisingly, Calculator if you believe or have morals then the end for you can never justify the means. No country can operate or think of its self in isolation, as an island. Not any more
Take a look at what is happening in Egypt right now. Why do think the whole world is watching?
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Kwamla
I never said I endorsed the policy. I was just stating the truth! Nothing else. Every country tries to underhand and gain the advantage over other countries; it’s just that the U.S. is the one that does it the best.
Why did the U.S. organize a multilateral force to oust Saddam Hussein’s army out of Kuwait when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991?–Oil. The oil supply would have been jeopardized.
Now, ask yourself why the U.S. barely lifted a finger to stop the African genocide in Rwanda a few years later.
This is what Machiavelli wrote about 500 years ago. Every country acts in its own self-interest. If there’s nothing in it for us, why should we help you? Now, I’m not supporting it or anything, I’m just stating the obvious.
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Randy said,”I’ve seen 3rd world poverty.”
Where? In American movies and TV? I doubt Randy has ever stepped foot out of his state, let alone out of the country.
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Kwamla,
Global depopulation? News to me. I thought the opposite was occurring.
What happened in the Congo by the Belgians was horrible and tragic, but I don’t see how that connects with modern western philanthropy. It’s not possible to provide food, water, and sustainable opportunity to impoverished areas which have unsustainable population growth.
Calculator,
Travel is accessible to the average first world person these days, so your assumption is rather silly.
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Hmm… Notice how Randy avoids directly answering my question.
Of course, it’s perfectly O.K. if people don’t travel. It’s their time and money, not mine. But, I’d like a person to have more background about a subject instead of just naively spewing ideas out from American movies and TV.
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Randy said: “Societies simply cannot grow civic institutions (schools, hospitals, housing stock, agriculture, industry) fast enough to support unrestrained population growth, especially in nations lacking in capital and/or natural resources. ”
1) Africa is the richest continent in the world in terms of natural resources. Gold, silver, copper, magnesium, oil, diamonds, uranium, bauxite, aluminium, etc. Many more natural resources are yet to be discovered or are barely tapped. Wood and tropical fruits are also harvested. Africa could support its current population and even more just with its own dirt rocks. This just shows your ignorance. You obviously picked up the “Africa is poor” idea through American TV. If you obviously had traveled to Africa, you should at least be familiar with these things. You try to sound knowledgable about an issue when in truth you’re NOT!
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Calculator
“…This is what Machiavelli wrote about 500 years ago. Every country acts in its own self-interest. If there’s nothing in it for us, why should we help you? Now, I’m not supporting it or anything, I’m just stating the obvious…”
You should be aware this is not a universal mindset. It may seem like it is now. Its become the universal “Western’s” mindset today. However, 500 years ago this was not the mindset of Africa when European colonists explored it, nor was it the mindset in Asia or Australia. It wasn’t even the mindset in the Americas. If it had been the Native Americans would have allowed the first American colonists to starve as they watched them struggling to survivor in the harsh winters.
You could say it was this “alien” European mindset, absent from the rest of the civilized world, that led to modern day exploitation, slavery and colonialism.
One thing I do agree with you though is traveling helps to broaden the mind. And reading about other cultures and peoples does too.
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Kwamla
I think you forgot Asia’s 13th century Mongol warlords who built a huge empire. Or when China unsuccessfully tried to invade Japan. Or when the Japanese brutally attacked Korea in the 16th century. Also, there were the Inca and Aztec empires in South America. The Iroquis (I might’ve spelled that wrong) were the most powerful Native American group in the New York region in the 18th century.
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Calculator,
I have visited SE Asia several times, which is where my wife is from. I’ve seen urban shanty towns where entire extended families share tiny, leaking, corrugated metal huts, and impoverished villages where malnourished children wander dangerously among the street traffic begging for food or money. The effects of rapid population growth are omnipresent and obvious.
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Calculator,
Perhaps you can explain the chronic poverty facing Ethiopians.
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@Randy Garver
During the marxist Derg regime, the country was under military rule and a once advancing country was stopped and dragged behind in time. Poor economic policies for decades has ruined the country. Ethiopia is now under the same neo-colonial medicine I mention earlier that face most of the 3rd world from Africa to Latin America and Asia. You should read about the IMF’s relationship with Ethiopia from Joseph E. Stiglitz book.
http://chora.virtualave.net/stiglitz-globalization3.htm
Just so you get an introduction to who Stiglitz is:
World Bank creating poverty (BBC Newsnight)
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This video explains the policies of international banking institutions the best.
Banked Into Submission
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John Perkins an ex-economic hitman.
John Perkins – America’s Secret Empire
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@Randy Garver
Now I am getting a bit off topic, so I’m just going to leave this last vid. I didn’t only want to post about the bad things in Ethiopia, so here is a good vid about it’s rich history.
All About ETHIOPIA. (MUST SEE)
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I like your contributions to this post “The Cynic”. A great series of videos especially the Pinkyshow ones explaining the workings of the WTO and IMF. They are excellent and I can use those.
I also think much of the information here maybe too much for Randy’s small mind to fully comprehend. I suspect he will have difficulty handling most of the documentary evidence provided. Still we all have to face up to our own denials at some point in life.
The corrupt 30 years US backed dictator Egypt’s Hosni Mubarak a case in point.
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Cynic,
Interesting videos about the IMF. I’m sure you realize that journalist Greg Palast has a pronounced left-bias, so he’s not likely to be a source which examines all sides of a complex issue. Regarding commodity and natural resource subsidies in developing nations, in many cases they’re priced unsustainably low, so the gov’ts are basically accruing increasing amounts of debt to maintain them. This can’t continue forever.
Regarding the situation in Bolivia, from the NYT: “Five years later, water here is again as cheap as ever, and a group of community leaders runs the water utility, Semapa. But half of the 600,000 people in Cochabamba remain without water, and those who do have service have it only intermittently, some as little as three hours a day.”
As for intellectual property rights which Palast so derisively dismisses, without them such medicines wouldn’t have existed in the first place. How many more would have died then?
Kwamla,
How does the IMF / World bank relate to the issue of food aid and family planning in developing nations?
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Greg Palast has a pronounced left-bias, so he’s not likely to be a source which examines all sides of a complex issue.
As if all of the other journalist/intellectuals don’t in varying degrees when it comes to politics, or anything else they write about for that matter.
As for intellectual property rights which Palast so derisively dismisses, without them such medicines wouldn’t have existed in the first place. How many more would have died then?
What a morally bankrupt thing to write. In other words, if I can’t make money off it, then I can’t be bothered? So what if millions die? If I cant get substantial remuneration for my efforts, then I’ll go and design cosmetics and hair products or some other money inducing item. The pharmaceutical companies are the ones that decides who lives and dies in other words. Ever hear of Open Source which provides free computer programs? They could garner billions for their efforts but choose to provide computer users with free programs so more people will have more access to downloadable software who otherwise could not afford it. Not everyone is money grubbing. Mozilla Firefox is but an example of this.
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@Randy
Who cares about the journalist when you have Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz who was a Chief economist at the World Bank? Their are many others who write about this issue of various political ideologies. Did you even watch the video with the former economic hit man John Perkins? Former CIA officer John Stockwell is another who has written books on this issue…
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Herneith,
This debate isn’t about the merits of capitalism, but rather Kwamla’s assertion that the Gates foundation and other philanthropic entities are engaged in a modern-day “Belgian imperialism” because they seek to include family planning along with other aid.
But to the extent which people wish to engage in open-source pharma research, nobody’s stopping them as far as I can tell.
Cynic,
There’s no doubt that financial mercantilism has been at work throughout the 20th century. I would hesitate to lump all IMF / WB projects under that heading.
In the case of the Bolivian water project, the existing utility was poorly managed, undercapitalized, and apparently didn’t charge enough to recoup expenses. You’d think that after Bechtel was driven out it would be aqueous paradise there, but clearly that has not happened. Water services are still terrible.
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Er…Abagond…
My last comment in response to Randy appears to be lost or deleted. Can you expand?
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@ Kwamla:
I deleted it as name calling.
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King Leopold’s legacy in the Congo is definitely one of the most brutal periods of colonialism. The needless maiming and hacking of limbs for falling short on one’s rubber quota, his cruelty was unfathomable. If there is a hell, surely King Leopold must be ablaze there.
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General Rule: never trust anyone or thing who promises salvation and especially easy salvation. Hitler, Stalin, Lenin, King Leopold II, Bernie Madoff it almost ends up with someone (usually meaning you the trustee) getting screwed in the not fun sense of the word. (This holds double true for the girls out there, “Hay, baby you can trust me” — bs) Salvation is hard and tough; it’s going to be a long while before Africa can dig out of the mess it’s in but it can be done. If white people are lucky the will be able to do some mitzvahs along the way to help but it’s going to be up the African’s to save themselvs because that’s the only way it will stick in the long run.
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How did I miss this one??
An excellent and necessary post, Abagond.
And great comments too (Kwamla, Maluson, Sam, The Cynic, Herneith, Peanut, etc… )
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True story, the calypso song “Congo Man” by The Mighty Sparrow was written about what happened in the Congo shortly before the Belgians left there in the last century.
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@Abagond
Great article. You should looking into ‘Tintin au Congo’ when you have time.
It caused a lot of controversy when I was living in Continental Europe.
Shows that racist attitudes are still prevalent today.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_in_the_Congo
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For anyone interested in this, famous monuments in Brussels such:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_de_Tervueren
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquantenaire
Were directly built with money from the Congo.
Leopold II even built a museum so that he could exhibit his ‘prizes’ as well as actual Congolese people to the citizens of Belgium. They were put in cages like animals:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa
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@ Abagond
Another hidden gem!
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Just remember this when buying belgian chocolate:
https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/antwerp-chocolate-hands
https://www.africanexponent.com/post/9695-black-hands-whether-real-or-made-of-candy-are-belgian-delicacies
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Does anyone know Magic City Vapes vape shop located in 1733 Pearl St, Suite A offers vape juice manufactured by Just Juice? I have emailed them at vapemastersinc@gmail.com
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