Katherine Johnson (1918-2020) was a US mathematician whose equations and calculations made it possible for NASA to put US astronauts into space and on the Moon – and maybe someday on Mars. In the film “Hidden Figures” (2016) she was played by Taraji P. Henson – the one with glasses. (Johnson says the film is 75% true.)
Johnson:
“The nation might still have thought of our people as inferior, but a black woman had performed the computations that had taken white male astronauts into outer space, landed them on the moon, and brought them back safely to their families again.”
She worked out when to leave orbit to land near a waiting rescue ship and when to leave the Moon to be able to get back home. Get that wrong and you could be stranded in space forever. She even worked out how to get back to Earth when your computer is damaged – as was the case with Apollo 13.
She was so trusted that John Glenn, the first US astronaut to go into orbit, would not go into space until she double-checked the calculations made by NASA’s IBM 7090 computer.
She also did work for the Space Shuttle and even a possible mission to Mars.
Most of NASA’s mathematicians were women. They were both Black and White. Many had been maths teachers (like Johnson) or engineers’ wives (like many of the White women). Thanks to the Twice As Good Rule, the Black women were on average better than the White women.
As a little girl in the mountains of West Virginia she loved to count – the steps up to church, the stars in the sky. At age ten she was ready for high school, four years early. Her family moved 193 km, over a hundred miles, so she could go to high school: most high schools in West Virginia were only for Whites, few were for Blacks. At 18 she graduated from what is now West Virginia State University.
She loved mathematics. She liked:
“its simplicity, its elegance, how in a world rife with the dangers of racism and economic uncertainty, it provided clear-cut answers: either you were right or you were wrong.”
Like basketball, it had an objective measure. That in turn helped her to overcome racism and sexism:
“Quietly the quality of my contribution began to outweigh the arbitrary laws of racial segregation and the dictates that held back my gender.”
From 1953 to 1986 she worked at what is now NASA’s Langley Research Center – just nine miles (14 km) up the road from Point Comfort, where the first Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619.
In the 1960s Jet magazine and others in the Black press wrote about her, but she did not become known to the US public at large till the 2010s, thanks mainly to “Hidden Figures”. In 2015 President Obama gave her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour. In 2016 NASA named the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility after her. In 2018 Mattel came out with a Katherine Johnson Barbie doll.
as Barbie doll
as Taraji P. Henson in “Hidden Figures” (2016)
as recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Obama.
– Abagond, 2020.
Sources: mainly Google Images (2020); “Hidden Figures” (2016) by Margot Lee Shetterly; The Times (Feb 29th 2020); Space (2020); Britannica (2020); NASA (2020).
See also:
- she:
- belonged to: Alpha Kappa Alpha
- was a fan of: Star Trek
- Hidden Figures – a post about both the film and the book
- Black Barbie dolls
- NASA
- Annie Easley
- Apollo 8
- Apollo 11
- Apollo 13
- 1619
- Twice As Good Rule
- Goddard
574
A beautiful tribute to Katherine Johnson, and thank you.
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Just one, among the many unsung black people that have contributed their natural gifts and talents to this country.
I always notice this pattern for white people to always wait until black people get very old, until they give any public recognition.
Why not when they’re in their youth, when they can use the publicity to further their career? It’s done this way, so that it specifically will not further their career!
To me it seems as though, they’re waiting for the black person to die first, before they either apologize for a wrong committed via anti-black racism or for recognition such as this.
Black people have to wait until we have one foot in the grave, until we get the respect that’s due us.
A lot of black people don’t even live long enough to see the day. And so, our accomplishments go unnoticed.
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Brilliant lady. Rest Well Queen Mother.
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In addition to the book and film Hidden Figures about the African American human computers, another book by Richard Paul and Steven Moss, We Could Not Fail (The First African Americans In The Space Program) There were actually African American male engineers who worked in the space program.
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What was the military application of her work? NASA is a quasi-military organization.
“On July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing NASA. When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA absorbed the 43-year-old NACA intact; its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of US$100 million, three major research laboratories (Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory) and two small test facilities.[17] A NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959.[18] Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA. A significant contributor to NASA’s entry into the Space Race with the Soviet Union was the technology from the German rocket program led by Wernher von Braun, who was now working for the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), which in turn incorporated the technology of American scientist Robert Goddard’s earlier works.[19] Earlier research efforts within the US Air Force[17] and many of ARPA’s early space programs were also transferred to NASA.[20] In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a contractor facility operated by the California Institute of Technology.[17]”
What a country!? Where else can you get ex-Nazis and descendants of slaves working hand in hand? It kind of restores one’s faith in humanity.
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“Black people have to wait until we have one foot in the grave, until we get the respect that’s due us.”
How many black people have hear of Horace King, the slave architect and bridge builder?
” Horace King (architect)
…
[Horace King (architect)]
Horace King (sometimes Horace Godwin) (September 8, 1807 – May 28, 1885) was an American architect, engineer, and bridge builder.[1] King is considered the most respected bridge builder of the 19th century Deep South, constructing dozens of bridges in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi.[2] In 1807, King was born into slavery on a South Carolina plantation. A slave trader sold him to a man who saw something special in Horace King. His owner, John Godwin taught King to read and write as well as how to build at a time when it was illegal to teach slaves. King worked hard and despite bondage, racial prejudice and a multitude of obstacles, King focused his life on working hard and being a genuinely good man. King built bridges, warehouses, homes, churches, and most importantly, he bridged the depths of racism. Ultimately, dignity, respect and freedom were his rewards, as he transcended the color lines inherent in the Old South of the nineteenth century. Horace King became a highly accomplished Master Builder and he emerged from the Civil War as a legislator in the State of Alabama. Affectionately known as Horace “The Bridge Builder” King and the “Prince of Bridge Builders,” he also served his community in many important civic capacities.” [3]
Early career
Horace King was born into slavery in 1807 in the Cheraw District of South Carolina, in present-day Chesterfield County. King’s ancestry was a mix of African, European, and Catawba.[4] Mid-20th century biographer F. L. Cherry described his complexion as showing more “Indian blood than any other.”[5] Taught to read and write at an early age, he had become a proficient carpenter and mechanic by his teenage years.[6]
Records indicate King spent his first 23 years near his birthplace, with his first introduction to bridge construction in 1824.[7] In 1824, bridge architect Ithiel Town came to Cheraw to assist in the construction of a bridge over the Pee Dee River. While it is unknown whether King assisted in the construction of this bridge or its replacement span built in 1828, Town’s lattice truss design, used in both Pee Dee bridges, became a hallmark of King’s future work.[8]
When King’s master died around 1830, King was sold to John Godwin, a contractor who also worked on the Pee Dee bridge.[9] King may have been related to the family of Godwin’s wife, Ann Wright.[4] In 1832, Godwin received a contract to construct a 560-foot (170 m) bridge across the Chattahoochee River from Columbus, Georgia to Girard, Alabama (today Phenix City). Initially living in Columbus, he moved to Girard in 1833, taking King with him.[10] The pair began many other construction projects, including house building. They built Godwin’s house first, then King’s. This was followed by many speculative houses, and the two men completed nearly every early house in Girard. The Columbus City Bridge was the first known to be built by King, who likely planned the construction of the bridge and managed the slave laborers who built the span.[11]
Rise to prominence
Between the completion of the Columbus City Bridge in 1833 and the early 1840s, King and Godwin partnered on no fewer than eight major construction projects throughout the South. The partners constructed some forty cotton warehouses in Apalachicola, Florida in 1834. Scholars believe that Godwin sent King in the mid-1830s for study at Oberlin College in Ohio, the first college in the United States to admit African-American students. The two men designed and built the courthouses of Muscogee County, Georgia and Russell County, Alabama from 1839–1841, and bridges in West Point, Georgia (1838), Eufaula, Alabama (1838–39), Florence, Georgia (1840). They built a replacement for their Columbus City Bridge between Columbus and Girard in 1841, as the original had been destroyed during an 1838 flood.[12]
Bridge completed in 1839 by King over the Chattahoochee River at Eufaula, Alabama.
During a time of financial difficulty, in 1837 Godwin transferred ownership of King to his wife and her uncle, William Carney Wright of Montgomery, Alabama. This may have been done to protect King from being taken and sold by Godwin’s creditors.[4] King was allowed to marry Frances Gould Thomas, a free woman of color, in April 1839. It was extremely uncommon for slave owners to allow such marriages, since Frances’ free status meant that their children would all be born free.[4] Slave states had incorporated the principle of partus sequitur ventrem into law since the colonial period, which said that children took the social status of their mothers, whether slave or free.
By 1840, King was being publicly acknowledged as being a “co-builder” along with Godwin, an uncommon honor for a slave.[13] King’s prominence had eclipsed that of his master by the early 1840s. He worked independently as architect and superintendent of major bridge projects in Columbus, Mississippi (1843) and Wetumpka, Alabama (1844).[4][11] While working on the Eufaula bridge, King met Tuscaloosa attorney and entrepreneur Robert Jemison, Jr., who soon began using King on a number of different projects in Lowndes County, Mississippi, including the 420-foot (130 m) Columbus, Mississippi bridge. Jemison would remain King’s friend and associate for the rest of his life.[14] King bridged the Tallapoosa River at Tallassee, Alabama in 1845. Later that same year he built three small bridges for Jemison near Steens, Mississippi, where the latter owned several mills.[4]
Freedom
Horace King used bridge-building techniques to design the spiral staircase in the Alabama State Capitol so that a central support was not required.
Despite his enslavement, King was allowed to keep a significant income from his work. In 1846, he used some of his earnings to purchase his freedom from the Godwin family and Wright. But, under Alabama law of the time, a freed slave was allowed to remain in the state only for a year after manumission. Jemison, who served in the Alabama State Senate, arranged for the state legislature to pass a special law giving King his freedom and exempting him from the manumission law. In 1852, King used his freedom to purchase land near his former master.[15] When Godwin died in 1859, King had a monument erected over his grave.[4]
In 1849, the Alabama State Capitol burned, and King was hired to construct the framework of the new capitol building, as well as design and build the twin spiral entry staircases. King used his knowledge of bridge-building to cantilever the stairs’ support beams so that the staircases appeared to “float,” without any central support.[16]
Around 1855, King formed a partnership with two other men to construct a bridge, known as Moore’s Bridge, over the Chattahoochee between Newnan and Carrollton, Georgia, near Whitesburg. Instead of collecting a fee for his work, King took stock instead, gaining a one-third interest in the bridge. King moved his wife and children to the area near the bridge about 1858, although he continued to commute between it and their other home in Alabama. Frances King and their children collected the bridge tolls and farmed at Moore’s Bridge.[4] The earnings from Moore’s Bridge generated a steady income for King and his family. He also continued to design and construct major bridge projects through the remainder of the 1850s, including a major bridge in Milledgeville, Georgia and a second Chattahoochee crossing at Columbus, Georgia.[17]
As slaveholder
In the 1850s in Columbus, King purchased a slave who eventually became known as celebrated abolitionist J. Sella Martin. When King attempted to subdue Martin by flogging him, he was disappointed by the man’s resistance. He quickly sold Martin to a slave trader.[18]
War times
King was conscripted to assist in the construction of Confederate ironclads, including this ship, the CSS Muscogee.
As the American Civil War approached in 1860, King, like many blacks in the South, opposed secession of the Southern states and was a confirmed Unionist. After the outbreak of hostilities, King attempted to continue his business as an architect and builder, constructing a factory and a mill in Coweta County, Georgia and a bridge in Columbus, Georgia. While working on the Columbus bridge, King was conscripted by Confederate authorities to build obstructions in the Apalachicola River, 200 miles (320 km) south of Columbus to prevent a naval attack on that city. After completing the obstructions on the Apalachicola, King was tasked to construct defenses on the Alabama River before returning to Columbus in 1863.[19]
By this time, Columbus had become a major shipbuilding city for the Confederacy. King and his men were assigned to assist construction of naval vessels at the Columbus Iron Works and Navy Yard. In 1863-64, King constructed a rolling mill for the Iron Works, which manufactured cladding for Confederate ironclad warships. King’s crews also provided lumber and timbers for the Navy Yard. They were at least peripherally involved with the construction of the CSS Muscogee.[20] During 1864 King wrote to Jemison, who had also opposed secession but was then serving in the Confederate Senate. He asked what would be likely to happen if he stopped his work for the Confederacy. Jemison’s response is unknown.[4]
As the war approached its end in 1864, many of King’s bridges were destroyed by Union troops. This included Moore’s Bridge, which King owned. Moore’s Bridge was destroyed by Union cavalry in July 1864. Frances King died on October 1, 1864 at Girard, leaving King a widower with five surviving children to care for. Raiders under Union general James H. Wilson assaulted Columbus in April 1865, burning all of King’s bridges in that city, including the one he had finished less than two years earlier.[21] King remarried in June 1865 to Sarah Jane Jones McManus.[4]
King and Reconstruction
King’s third rebuilding of the Columbus City Bridge in 1865, six months after his previous bridge at this location was burned by Union troops. View of entrance on the Alabama side.
The postwar period resulted in new opportunities for King. Within six months after the war’s end, King and a partner had constructed a 32,000-square-foot (3,000 m2) cotton warehouse in Columbus, and King had—for the third time—rebuilt the original Columbus City Bridge. Over the next three years, King would construct three more bridges across the Chattahoochee: in Columbus, and two at West Point, Georgia, plus two large factories, and the Lee County, Alabama courthouse.[22]
When the Reconstruction Acts were implemented in 1867, King became a registrar for voters in Russell County, Alabama. Later that year, he attempted to establish a colony of freedmen in Georgia. While that plan was unsuccessful, King was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1868 as a Republican representing Russell County. Busy in his construction business in Columbus, King did not take his seat for more than a year, in November 1869. King remained a reluctant legislator, voting 78% of the time and proposing only three bills—none of which became law. King was reelected in 1870, proposing no bills in the 1870-71 session and only five in the 1871-72 session, one of which—a prohibition on the sale of alcohol in Hurtsboro, Alabama—became law. King did not seek reelection in 1872.[23]
Final years
King in his later years.
King left the Alabama Legislature in 1872 and moved with his family to LaGrange, Georgia. While in LaGrange, King continued building bridges, but also expanded to include other construction projects, specifically businesses and schools. By the mid-1870s, King had begun to pass on his bridge construction activities to his five children, who formed the King Brothers Bridge Company. King’s health began failing in the 1880s, and he died on May 28, 1885 in LaGrange.[24]
King received laudatory obituaries in each of Georgia’s major newspapers, a rarity for African Americans in the 1880s South. He was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Engineers Hall of Fame at the University of Alabama. The award was accepted on his behalf by his great-grandson, Horace H. King, Jr.[25] He was remembered both for his engineering skill and for his character.[26]
Works
See also
References
The USA is the creation of the genius of its races, not just Whites.
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RIP, nice article except maths? JPL LLNL etc etc certain things are always nationalized
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What a beautiful woman What an inspiration! Buying this doll to inspire my daughters and view the movie with them.
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